Scytodecamide from the Cultured Scytonema sp. UIC 10036 Expands the Chemical and Genetic Diversity of Cyanobactins

Cyanobactins are a large family of cyanobacterial ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) often associated with biological activities, such as cytotoxicity, antiviral, and antimalarial activities. They are traditionally described as cyclic molecules containing heterocyclized amino acids. However, this definition has been recently challenged by the discovery of short, linear cyanobactins containing three to five amino acids as well as cyanobactins containing no heterocyclized residues. Herein we report the discovery of scytodecamide ( 1 ) from the freshwater cyanobacterium Scytonema sp. UIC 10036. Structural elucidation based on mass spectrometry, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, and Marfey's method revealed 1 to be a linear decapeptide with an N-terminal N-methylation and a C-terminal amidation. The genome of Scytonema sp. UIC 10036 was sequenced, and bioinformatic analysis revealed a cyanobactin-like biosynthetic gene cluster consistent with the structure of 1 . The discovery of 1 as a novel linear peptide containing an N-terminal N-methylation and a C-terminal amidation expands the chemical and genetic diversity of the cyanobactin family of compounds.     

蓝藻基生物降解共混膜的力学性能

以聚乙烯醇(PVA)和水华蓝藻为主要原料,通过溶液铺膜法制备了蓝藻/PVA共混膜,采用万能试验机,研究了不同助剂对蓝藻/PVA共混膜力学性能的影响。结果表明,蓝藻的添加显著降低了共混膜的力学性能。当添加比例为PVA的1/2时,膜的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率分别比无藻处理下降了65.89%和79.57%。甘油、尿素显著提升了蓝藻/PVA共混膜的断裂伸长率,当添加比例为蓝藻的1/2时,分别能使共混膜的断裂伸长率提高73.20倍和62.02倍。虽然柠檬酸、硅烷偶联剂能够提升蓝藻/PVA共混膜的拉伸强度,但只能在低剂量时促进断裂伸长率的小幅提高,当柠檬酸添加比例为蓝藻的1/40时,膜的断裂伸长率能提高4.41倍,而当硅烷偶联剂添加比例为蓝藻的1/20时,膜的断裂伸长率能提高1.49倍。尿素与甘油复合增塑,更有利于提升共混膜的断裂伸长率。硅烷偶联剂与甘油复合增塑,更有利于提升共混膜的拉伸强度。     

Environmental factors controlling phytoplankton dynamics in a large floodplain river with emphasis on cyanobacteria

Harmful algal blooms are occurring in large river ecosystems and at the mouth of large rivers with increasing frequency. In lentic systems, the chemical and physical conditions that promote harmful algal blooms are somewhat predictable but tracking prevalence and conditions that promote harmful algal blooms in lotic systems is much more difficult. We captured two of the most extreme discharge years within the last 20 years occurring in the Upper Mississippi River, allowing a natural experiment that evaluated how major shifts in discharge drive environmental variation and associated shifts in phytoplankton. Statistical models describing significant environmental covariates for phytoplankton assemblages and specific taxa were developed and used to identify management‐relevant numeric breakpoints at which environmental variables may promote the growth of specific phytoplankton and/or cyanobacteria. Our analyses supported that potentially toxin‐producing cyanobacteria dominate under high phosphorus concentration, low nitrogen concentration, low nitrogen‐to‐phosphorus ratio, low turbulence, low flushing, adequate light and warm temperatures. Cyanobacteria dominated in 2009 when low discharge and low flushing likely led to optimal growth environments for Dolichospermum, Aphanizomenon and Microcystis. Rarely will a single factor lead to the dominance, but multiple positive factors working in concert can lead to cyanobacteria proliferation in large rivers. Certain isolated backwaters with high phosphorus, low nitrogen, warm water temperatures and low potential for flushing could benefit from increased connection to channel inputs to reduce cyanobacterial dominance. Numerous examples of this type of habitat currently exist in the Upper Mississippi River and could benefit from reconnection to channel habitats.     

可沉微藻转化油脂潜力及PHB合成试验研究

可沉微藻在去除二级出水中氮、磷的同时,可以合成并积累多种具有高附加值的聚合物,如油脂、蛋白质、多糖、聚β-羟基丁酸酯(PHB)等。前期试验在"冲淘"压力下筛选出了沉淀率高达97%的可沉微藻,并通过一系列环境变化(通入CO2、实行光/暗循环等)刺激油脂聚积,最高可获得49.2%(细胞干质量,下同)的油脂含量。进一步强化试验显示,以增加光照强度与CO2通入量达到进一步提高可沉微藻油脂含量的做法事与愿违,反而出现油脂含量下降的现象。而可沉蓝藻具有相当的合成、积累PHB的能力,只要存在少许特异性碳源(乙酸盐)刺激,可沉蓝藻在不通入CO2的情况下即可轻松合成并积累含量高达30%左右的PHB。这种主要以无机碳源合成PHB的方法比以有机碳源合成PHB的活性污泥法更具吸引力。     

厦门海底隧道A3标段构造体系分析

分别介绍了新华夏系和华夏式两种地质构造体系的特征,并从构造应力场和地球动力学原理两方面分析了其形成的原因,将为随后进行的地质超前预报的解译工作提供了准备。     

丝状藻响应温度变化的生长及功能特性

针对近年来丝状蓝藻水华的频繁暴发问题,研究了3种常见丝状藻生长对温度的响应以及生长与功能特性间的关系。结果表明：温度由15℃增加至30℃,拟柱孢藻比生长速率由0.28 d^-1增加为0.70 d^-1,光合活性（F_v/F_m）在0.40~0.61范围内波动,单位藻细胞溶解性总氮（DTN）和溶解性反应磷（SRP）消耗量也分别增加了6.36 mg-DTN/mg-Chl.a、0.15 mg-SRP/mg-Chl.a;伪鱼腥藻比生长速率从0.12 d^-1到0.60 d^-1,F_v/F_m在15℃时达到最低,为0.12,单位藻细胞氮磷消耗量也分别增加了21.72 mg-DTN/mg-Chl.a、1.71 mg-SRP/mg-Chl.a;水华束丝藻比生长速率从0.20 d^-1到0.44 d^-1,F_v/F_m受影响较小,单位藻细胞氮磷消耗量也分别增加了12.29 mg-DTN/mg-Chl.a、0.83 mg-SRP/mg-Chl.a。温度升高都会促进3种丝状藻生长,拟柱孢藻易在大于30℃高温下形成优势;伪鱼腥藻温度适应范围广,但温度低于15℃会抑制伪鱼腥藻生长;水华束丝藻最佳生长温度为25℃,并可在15℃时取得优势,耐低温能力较强。另外,丝状藻可通过权衡藻细胞生理特性以维持不同温度下的生长优势。     

Identification and Characterization of a Welwitindolinone Alkaloid Biosynthetic Gene Cluster in the Stigonematalean Cyanobacterium Hapalosiphon welwitschii

The identification of a 36 kb welwitindolinone (wel) biosynthetic gene cluster in Hapalosiphon welwitschii UTEX B1830 is reported. Characterization of the enzymes responsible for assembling the early biosynthetic intermediates geranyl pyrophosphate and 3‐((Z)‐2′‐isocyanoethenyl)indole as well as a dedicated N‐methyltransferase in the maturation of N‐methylwelwitindolinone C isothiocyanate solidified the link between the wel pathway and welwitindolinone biosynthesis. Comparative analysis of the ambiguine and welwitindolinone biosynthetic pathways in two different organisms provided insights into the origins of diverse structures within hapalindole‐type molecules.     

The effects of run‐of‐river dam spill on Columbia River microplankton

Dams, increasingly common in riverine systems worldwide, are particularly prevalent on the Columbia River (CR) in the United States. Hydroelectric projects, including both storage and run‐of‐river (i.e., minimal storage) structures, on the mainstem CR highly manage water flow, often by releasing water over (rather than through) dams as “spill.” To test the effects of run‐of‐river dam spill on microplankton abundance and composition, we sampled above and below two dams in the lower CR before and during spill conditions in spring 2016 and during and after spill conditions in late summer 2007. We tested the effects of location (i.e., above vs. below dams), spill condition (i.e., before, during, and after spill), and their interaction on microplankton abundance. Generally, diatoms were most abundant during springtime, whereas cyanobacteria were most abundant in late summer. Most taxa were not significantly different in abundance above and below dams, regardless of spill status; although cyanobacteria abundance was marginally higher below dams in summer 2007 (p = .04). Abundances of all taxa were significantly different between pre‐spill and spill periods in spring 2016, whereas only diatom and flagellate abundances were significantly different between spill and post‐spill periods in summer 2007. We conclude that spill conditions may influence microplankton abundance, but are not likely to affect microplankton communities on either side of run‐of‐river dams on the CR. This is important information for dam managers concerned about ecosystem impacts of spill.